Scripting-and-Programming-Foundations Practice Exam Questions with Answers WGU Scripting and Programming Foundations Exam Certification

One of the fundamental characteristics of object-oriented programming (OOP) is the concept of decomposing a program into objects that interact with one another1. This is distinct from procedural and functional programming paradigms, which do not inherently structure programs as a collection of objects. In OOP, objects are instances of classes and contain both data (attributes) and code (methods). These objects encapsulate data and operations and can interact with each other through methods, allowing for concepts such as inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation12.

In contrast, procedural programming is characterized by a focus on procedures or routines to perform tasks, and functional programming treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions without side effects or state changes2. Neither paradigm organizes code around objects with encapsulated data and methods, which is a defining feature of OOP1.

References: 1: Differences between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming - GeeksforGeeks 2: Functional vs. Procedural vs. OOP | Scout APM

A compiled language is one where the source code is translated into machine code by a compiler. This machine code is specific to the type of machine it is compiled for, meaning the same compiled code cannot be run on different types of machines without being recompiled. This process differs from interpreted languages, where the source code is not directly converted into machine code but is instead read and executed by an interpreter, which allows for cross-platform compatibility. Compiled languages are known for their performance efficiency because the machine code is executed directly by the computer’s hardware.

References: The characteristics of compiled languages are well-documented in computer science literature and online resources. For instance, GeeksforGeeks provides a clear distinction between compiled and interpreted languages, explaining that compiled languages are translated into machine instructions of the target machine1. Similarly, Stack Overflow discussions elaborate on the implementation differences between compiled and interpreted languages2. Wikipedia also defines a compiled language as one whose implementations are typically compilers3.

A. round_number(4.723, 2) - This is not a valid function call because there is no function named round_number defined in the given context.

B. convort_value(12) - This is not a valid function call either. Additionally, the expected return value “cVa1” seems to be a typo or an incorrect value.

C. Printsample() - This is a valid function call. It invokes the function named Printsample.

D. CountFactors(96 integer) - This is not a valid function call. The parameter “integer” should not be included in the function call.

E. function Sample(float 2.0) - This is not a valid function call. The function name should not start with the keyword “function,” and the parameter “float 2.0” is not correctly formatted.

F. GetHeight(integer 3, integer 4) - This is a valid function call. It calls the function GetHeight with two integer arguments: 3 and 4.

References

• GeeksforGeeks: Function Calling in Programming
• Stack Overflow: Different ways to call a function

The algorithm provided in the image performs a modulo operation with 2 (x % 2) and checks if the result is 1. In programming, the modulo operation gives the remainder of the division of two numbers. For any integer x, if x % 2 equals 1, it means that x is odd because it has a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. Even numbers, when divided by 2, have no remainder and thus would return 0 in a modulo 2 operation.

References: The explanation is based on the standard definition and behavior of the modulo operation in programming and mathematics. For more information on algorithms and their applications, you can refer to resources such as GeeksforGeeks1 and Built In2.

The flowchart provided in the image represents a decision-making process based on the input value. Given the input of 305, we follow the flowchart’s decision paths. The first decision checks if the input is less than 200, which 305 is not, so we move to the next decision point. The second decision asks if the input is greater than 300. Since 305 is greater than 300, we follow the path for ‘yes’ which leads us to the output “Interview”. Therefore, the correct output for the input 305 according to the flowchart is “Interview”.

References:

• Understanding flowchart symbols and their usage in representing decision-making processes1.
• Analyzing flowcharts to determine the output based on given input values2.
• General principles of flowchart design and interpretation3.

A sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram that details how operations are carried out within a system. It is used to model the interactions between objects or components in a sequence that reflects the order of operations, particularly focusing on the messages exchanged between these objects over time. The vertical axis of a sequence diagram represents time, and the horizontal axis represents the objects involved in the interaction. The purpose of a sequence diagram is to illustrate the sequence of messages or events that occur between these objects, typically in the context of a specific use case or scenario within the software system1234.

References:

• The information provided is based on standard practices in software engineering and UML (Unified Modeling Language) documentation. For further reading on sequence diagrams and their applications, you can refer to resources such as Visual Paradigm1, Creately2, IBM Developer3, and Lucidchart4.

The process described involves two main phases: first, the developer is designing the application by creating a list of all objects and functions (the design phase), and then they are writing the code for each object (the implementation phase). This aligns with option C, Design and Implementation. Analysis would involve understanding the requirements or problems the software will address, which is not mentioned in the scenario. Testing is a separate phase that typically occurs after implementation to ensure the code works as intended.

References: The information provided is based on standard practices in software development where design precedes implementation, and both are distinct from analysis and testing phases.

The pseudocode provided is a loop that runs 3 times. Each time it runs, it adds the loop counter i (which takes the values 1, 2, and 3 in each iteration) to a sum variable total. The sum starts at 15, and the loop adds 1, then 2, then 3 to it. So the calculation is as follows:

total=15+1+2+3=21

This means that after the loop finishes executing, the total will be 21.

References: The explanation is based on the standard understanding of loops and summation in programming logic as per Scripting and Programming Foundations principles12. Pseudocode is a high-level description of an algorithm that uses the structural conventions of programming languages but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading12. This pseudocode represents a simple loop structure commonly used in programming to accumulate a sum.

1: Pseudocode Examples – Programming Code Examples 2: Ada Computer Science - Pseudocode

 The operator that is helpful in determining if an integer is a multiple of another integer is the modulus operator, represented by / in some programming languages and % in others. This operator returns the remainder of the division of one number by another. If the remainder is zero, it indicates that the first number is a multiple of the second. For example, 6 % 3 would return 0, confirming that 6 is a multiple of 3.

References: This explanation is based on standard programming knowledge where the modulus or remainder operator is used to determine multiples1.

In the context of writing a function that determines whether a given number N is even or odd, the input to the function should be the number itself, represented by the variable N. The function will then perform the necessary logic to determine whether N is even or odd and return the appropriate value (0 for even, 1 for odd).

Here’s how the function might look in Python:

Python

def check_even_odd(N):

"""

Determines whether a given number N is even or odd.

Args:

N (int): The input number.

Returns:

int: 0 if N is even, 1 if N is odd.

"""

if N % 2 == 0:

return 0 # N is even

else:

return 1 # N is odd

# Example usage:

number_to_check = 7

result = check_even_odd(number_to_check)

print(f"The result for {number_to_check} is: {result}")

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

In this example, if number_to_check is 7, the function will return 1 because 7 is an odd number.

References:

• No specific external references are needed for this basic concept, as it is fundamental to programming and mathematics.

C++ is a programming language that provides extensive support for object-oriented programming (OOP). OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which can contain data in the form of fields, often known as attributes, and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. C++ offers features such as classes, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction which are fundamental to OOP. This makes C++ a powerful tool for developing complex software systems that require a modular and scalable approach.

References: The information provided is based on standard programming principles and the foundational knowledge of scripting and programming, which includes understanding the capabilities and applications of various programming languages1.

 The type of language that requires variables to be declared ahead of time and prohibits their types from changing while the program runs is known as a statically typed language. In statically typed languages, the type of a variable is determined at compile-time and cannot be changed during runtime. This means that the compiler must know the exact data types of all variables used in the program, and these types must remain consistent throughout the execution of the program. Statically typed languages require developers to declare the type of each variable before using it, which can help catch type errors during the compilation process, potentially preventing runtime errors and bugs.

References:1

https://www.remotely.works/blog/understanding-the-differences-static-vs-dynamic-typing-in-programming-languages

In the Waterfall model, a traditional software development lifecycle (SDLC) methodology, the design phase follows the requirements phase. During the design phase, the focus is on creating a detailed specification of the system to be developed. This includes:

• Architectural Design: Outlining the overall structure of the system.
• Interface Design: Defining how the software components will interact with each other and with users.
• Component Level Design: Specifying the behavior of individual components.
• Data Structure Design: Establishing how data is organized within the system.

The deliverable produced during this phase is a comprehensive design document that describes the architecture, components, interfaces, and data structures of the application in detail. It serves as a blueprint for the next phase of the Waterfall process, which is implementation (coding).

References:

• The explanation is based on the standard practices of the Waterfall model as described in project management and software development resources123.

 An algorithm is a set of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem. It is a sequence of steps that are followed to achieve a particular outcome. In the context of the given options, the correct example of an algorithm is option D. This option outlines a series of steps to troubleshoot a device, which is a common algorithmic procedure known as “power cycling” or “resetting.” It involves turning off a device, waiting for a short period, and then turning it back on. This process can resolve temporary issues by clearing the device’s memory and resetting its state.

Option A is incorrect because it is simply a list of items, not a sequence of steps with a specific goal. Option B is also incorrect as it describes a file type used in web development, not a set of instructions. Option C is a statement about a mathematical property, not an algorithm.

References: The definition and examples of algorithms can be found in various educational resources and programming literature. For instance, Scribbr provides a clear explanation of what an algorithm is and how it functions in both daily life and computer science1. Additionally, GeeksforGeeks offers insights into the definition, types, complexity, and examples of algorithms2. These sources corroborate the explanation provided here and offer further reading on the subject.

The defining characteristic of an object-oriented language is its support for objects and classes, which encapsulate data and behavior. This includes the ability to define custom variable types (classes) with their own methods, and the use of key principles such as information hiding, data abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. These features distinguish object-oriented languages from procedural languages, which do not typically support these concepts in the same way.

References: The characteristics of object-oriented programming (OOP) are well-documented and recognized in the field of software development. The information provided aligns with standard definitions and explanations of OOP, as found in educational resources and programming literature123.

 When dealing with body temperature, especially in Fahrenheit, the appropriate data type to use is a floating-point number (float). Here’s why:

• Measurement Precision:
• Temperature Scales:
• Examples:
• References:

Remember that using a float ensures flexibility and precision when dealing with temperature measurements. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Float. ?????

 A student’s grade point average (GPA) is a numerical representation that typically includes a decimal to account for the precision of the average (e.g., 3.75). Therefore, it should be declared as a floating-point data type to accommodate the decimal part. Since a student’s GPA can change over time with the addition of new grades, it should be declared as a variable rather than a constant.

References:

• The concept of using floating-point variables for numerical data that includes decimals is a standard practice in programming. This is discussed in programming resources such as “Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++” by Bjarne Stroustrup, which explains data types and their uses. Additionally, the concept of variables and constants is covered in “The C Programming Language” by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie.

 The correctness of a sorting algorithm is determined by its ability to sort a list of elements into a specified order, typically non-decreasing or non-increasing order. For an algorithm to be considered correct, it must consistently produce the correct output for all possible inputs. In the case of the given algorithm, it takes the input list [10, 8] and produces the output [6, 10, 8], which is not sorted in non-decreasing order. This indicates that the algorithm does not correctly sort the list, as the output is neither sorted nor does it maintain the integrity of the original list (the number 6 was not in the original list).

Furthermore, the fact that the output contains an integer (6) that was not present in the input list suggests that the algorithm is not preserving the elements of the input list, which is a fundamental requirement for a sorting algorithm. This violation confirms that the algorithm is incorrect for sorting an arbitrary list of three integers, as it cannot be relied upon to sort correctly or maintain the original list elements.

References: The principles of algorithm correctness can be found in various computer science literature and online resources. They often involve ensuring that the algorithm adheres to its preconditions and postconditions, and that it produces a valid output for all valid inputs1234.

 C is a programming language that primarily follows the procedural programming paradigm1. This paradigm is a subset of imperative programming and emphasizes on procedure in terms of the underlying machine model1. It involves writing a sequence of instructions to tell the computer what to do step by step, and it relies on the concept of procedure calls, where procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, or functions, are a set of instructions that perform a specific task1.

The procedural paradigm in C uses static typing, where the type of a variable is known at compile time1. This means that the type of a variable is declared and does not change over time, which is in contrast to dynamic typing, where the type can change at runtime. C’s type system requires that each variable and function is explicitly declared with a type and it does not support dynamic typing as seen in languages like Python or JavaScript1.

References: 1: Introduction of Programming Paradigms - GeeksforGeeks

 During the design phase of an agile process, the focus is on determining the functions that need to be written. This involves understanding the user requirements and defining the system architecture to meet those needs. The design phase is iterative, allowing for continuous refinement and improvement of the design as more is learned about the system and its users. It’s a collaborative effort involving designers, developers, and stakeholders to ensure that the functions align with the goals of the project and the needs of the users.

References: The explanation is based on the agile design principles which emphasize iterative development, collaboration, and adaptability. Agile design processes guide the creation of software by focusing on customer needs and iterative improvement

Programming libraries are collections of pre-written code that programmers can use to perform common tasks without having to write the code from scratch. They are particularly helpful in situations where:

• The tasks are common and standardized across the industry, such as animation tasks in video games (Option C). Using a library can save time and resources, and also ensure that the animations are up to industry standards.
• The tasks are well-known and frequently performed by many programmers, such as file compression (Option D). Libraries provide a reliable and tested set of functions that can handle these tasks efficiently.

For the other options:

• A: While a library could be used, writing interacting objects and implementing inheritance is a fundamental part of object-oriented programming and may not necessarily require a library.
• B: Iterating through a list to find the maximum value is a basic programming task that typically doesn’t require a library.
• E: Dynamic typing or the use of variables without an initial declaration type is a feature of the programming language itself rather than a library.
• F: Recursive functions are a programming concept that can be implemented without the need for a library, unless the recursion is part of a specific algorithm that a library might provide.

References:

• Programming libraries documentation and standards.
• Industry best practices for video game development and file compression techniques.

• Initialize two variables: x and Count to zero.
• Iterate through each number in the NumList.
• For each number in the list:
• After processing all numbers in the list, calculate the average:

The NumList contains the following integers: [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8].

Calculating the average: (1 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8) / 6 = 30 / 6 = 5.0.

However, none of the provided options match this result. It seems there might be an error in either the options or the calculation.

References: This explanation is based on understanding and analyzing the provided algorithm image; no external references are used.